A Etruscan civilization flourished inside Etruria and the Po valley in the northern part of what is today Italy, prior to a arrival of Gauls in a Po valley & the formation of the Roman Republic.

the Etruscans come usually believed to stand spoken a non-Indo-European language. Herodotus (c. 400 BC) records a legend that it come from either Lydia (modern western Turkey). Contrarily, Dionysius of Halicarnassus (c. C BC) pronounced that a Etruscans were endemic to Italy, calling themselves Rasenna and being a portion of an ancient united states "which does not resemble any other people in their language or in their way of life, or customs." Cognition of the Etruscan language only began with a discovery of the bilingual Phoenician-Etruscan Pyrgi Tablets found at the port of Caere in 1964, and this cognition is however uncomplete.

A select few investigator use proposed that a non-Greek inscriptions obtained on the island of Lemnos, appearing to be related to the Etruscan language & dated to the sixth century BC, support Herodotus' hypothesis. Yet, recent a food and drug administration, referencing burial rituals, shows that there was there is no break around practices from either the sooner settlements of the Villanovan culture to the Etruscans, indicating that they were probably autochthonal when 100%.

Collapse of Etruscan polities
a fall of the Etruscan state may be attributed to a kind of factors, the virtually all influential existence its disunity. the Etruscan state government was fundamentally a theocracy. A Etruscans met annually at a shrine of Voltumna to discuss armed services & political affairs. Apart from either this, a Etruscans can be considered, when several ancient sources describe the babies, “duodecim populi Eturiae” or even “the xii peoples of Eturia”. Although a divisions between a states were non when extreme when victims obtained inside ancient Greece, individual states were under there is no obligation to provide help to of these a second, & oft witnessed it hard to unify against 1 threat. For this understanding, a Romans can just attack & annex single cities. This disunity is farther illustrated per fact that Rome created pact on an individual basis by owning a Etruscan states, like than a whole. Sustaining a fall of Veii to a Romans, a key southern defense was destroyed, going the Etruscans pressed around in from either everthing sides by many different forces, & mature for conquest.

Some Etruscan rulers

Osiniu (at Clusium) probably early 1100s Mezentius fl. c. 1100 ? Lausus (at Caere) Tyrsenos Velsu fl. 8th century Larthia (at Caere) Arimnestos (at Arimnus) Lars Porsena (at Clusium) fl. late 6th century Thefarie Velianas (at Caere) late 500s–early 400s Aruns (at Clusium) fl. c. 500 Volumnius (at Veii) mid 400s–437 Lars Tolumnius (at Veii) late 400s–428

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